tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-83740693922064250632011-04-21T11:20:20.199-07:00Photography: Digital EraPhotography: Concepts and Principleshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00815251068589858942noreply@blogger.comBlogger541100tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8374069392206425063.post-16287067154934169502007-10-15T04:35:00.002-07:002007-10-15T04:37:14.596-07:00

Motion blur is the apparent streaking of rapidly moving objects in a still image or a sequence of images such as a movie or animation.When a camera creates an image, that image does not represent a single instant of time. Because of technological constraints or artistic requirements, the image represents the scene over a period of time. As objects in a scene move, an image of that scene must

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Light painting, also known as light drawing is a photographic technique in which exposures are made usually at night or in a darkened room by moving a light source or by moving the camera.The light can either be used to selectively illuminate parts of the subject or to "paint" a picture by shining it directly into the camera lens. Light painting requires a sufficiently slow shutter speed, usually

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In photography, filmography and other visual arts, lead room, or sometimes nose room, is the space in front, and in the direction, of moving or stationary subjects. Well-composed shots leave space in the direction the subject is moving. When the human eye scans a photograph for the first time it will expect to see a bit on front of the subject.For example, moving objects such as cars require lead

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Kite aerial photography (KAP) is a hobby and a type of photography. A small camera is suspended from a kite on a Picavet and is used to take aerial photographs. The camera rigs can range from the extremely simple, consisting of a trigger mechanism with a disposable camera, to complex apparatuses using radio control and digital cameras. On some occasions it can be a good alternative (in many ways)

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In infrared photography, the film or image sensor used is sensitive to infrared light. The part of the spectrum used is referred to as near-infrared to distinguish it from far-infrared, which is the domain of thermal imaging. Wavelengths used for photography range from about 700 nm to about 900 nm. Usually an "infrared filter" is used; this lets infrared (IR) light pass through to the camera but

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The Harris Shutter is a bit of a misnomer, being a technique, rather than a piece of photographic equipment.The effect is produced by re-exposing the same frame of film through Red, Green and Blue filters in turn, whilst keeping the camera steady. This will generate a rainbow of colour around any object that moves within the frame. Some good candidates for subjects include waterfalls (pictured,

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Conventional photographic films and papers need to be chemically processed after they have been exposed in order to produce the desired negative or positive image. The general process is similar whatever the make of film or paper. The only obvious exceptions are a few proprietary makes such as Polaroid and other instant self-processing techniques; Kodachrome which cannot be processed except in

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Digiscoping is a method of obtaining photos using a digital camera through a telescope or, less often, binoculars. Afocal projection is a method of astrophotography in which photographs are taken by holding or mounting the camera over the telescope eyepiece, with the camera taking the place of your eye. Afocal projection is the method most commonly associated with digiscoping.

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Cyanotype is an old monochrome photographic printing process that gives a cyan-blue print.The English scientist and astronomer Sir John Herschel discovered this procedure in 1842. Though Herschel is perhaps the inventor of the cyanotype process, it was Anna Atkins, a British scientist, who brought the process into the realm of photography. She created a limited series of cyanotype books that

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Cross processing (sometimes abbreviated to xpro) is the procedure of deliberately processing photographic film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film.Cross processing usually involves one of the two following methods: * Processing positive color reversal film in C-41 chemicals, resulting in a negative image on a colorless base * Processing negative color print film in

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Astrophotography ranges from simple images of bright objects to very complex exposures designed to reveal objects that are too faint to observe with the naked eye. With only a few exceptions, almost all astrophotography employs time exposures since both film and digital cameras can accumulate and sum light photons over long periods of time. This is just one of many distinct aspects of

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Aerial photography is the taking of photographs of the ground while not supported by a ground-based structure. Cameras may be hand held or mounted, and photographs may be taken by an active photographer, or triggered remotely or automatically. Vehicles for aerial photography include fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters; balloons, blimps and dirigibles; and rockets. kites can also be made into

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Wildlife photography is the act of taking photographs of wildlife. The art of good wildlife photography is regarded as being one of the more challenging forms of photography as it has several different requirements. * Being a technically sound photographer, thus being able to expose correctly to have the desired effect of a wildlife photograph. * Advanced photographic equipment. While

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VR photography is the name the emerging field of virtual reality photography is being called.VR photography is the art of capturing or creating a complete scene as a single image, as viewed when rotating about a single central position. Normally created by stitching together a number of photographs taken in a multi-row 360 degree rotation; the complete image can also be a totally computer

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Vernacular photography refers to the creation of photographs by amateur or unknown photographers who take everyday life and common things as subjects. Examples of vernacular photographs include travel and vacation photos, family snapshots, photos of friends, class portraits, identification photographs, and photobooth images. Vernacular photographs can also be considered types of "accidental" art,

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Travel photography is a subcategory of photography that is characterized by documenting the landscapes, inhabitants, cultures, customs and history of a specific region of the world.From the Photographic Society of America (PSA):What is a Photo Travel Image?It's an image that expresses the feeling of a time and place, portrays a land, its people, or a culture in its natural state, and has no

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Street photography uses the techniques of straight photography in that it shows a pure vision of something, like holding up a mirror to society. This genre of photography is present in contemporary times and is usually done as black and white photographs. Street photography tends to be ironic and distanced from its subject matter and often concentrates on a single human moment, caught at a

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Stock photography consists of existing photographs that can be licensed for specific uses. Book publishers, specialty publishers, magazines, advertising agencies, filmmakers, web designers, graphic artists, interior decor firms, corporate creative groups, and others use stock photography to fulfill the needs of their creative assignments.A customer who uses stock photography instead of hiring a

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Still life photography is the practice or products of depicting inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects which may be either natural or man-made. Still life is the photography of small groups of objects, either found or put together for the purpose. Still life photography gives the photographer more leeway in the arrangement of design elements within a composition than do

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The equipment used by a professional photographer usually includes a fast telephoto lens and a camera that has an extremely fast shutter speed that can rapidly take pictures.Sport photography requires long lenses. In general, 200-600mm lenses are used for the reach. In professional sport photography work, Digital single-lens reflex cameras must be used, in order to achieve high rate of successive

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The goal of portrait photography is to capture the likeness of a person or a small group of people, typically in a flattering manner. Like other types of portraiture, the focus of photograph is the person's face, although the entire body and the background may be included. Many people enjoy having professionally made family portraits to hang in their homes, or special portraits to commemorate

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Photojournalism is a particular form of journalism (the collecting, editing, and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast) that creates images in order to tell a news story. It is now usually understood to refer only to still images, and in some cases to video used in broadcast journalism. Photojournalism is distinguished from other close branches of photography (such as

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Nature photography refers to a wide range of photography taken outdoors and devoted to displaying natural elements such as landscapes, wildlife, plants, and close-ups of natural scenes and textures. Nature photography tends to put a stronger emphasis on the aesthetic value of the photo than other photography genres, such as photojournalism and documentary photography.Nature photographs are

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Miksang is a Tibetan word meaning "Good Eye" and represents a form of contemplative photography based on the Dharma Art teachings of Chögyam Trungpa, in which the eye is in synchronisation with the contemplative mind. The result of this particular perception of the world, combined with photography, produces a peculiar and open way of seeing the world. Miksang pictures tend to bring the observer

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Macro photography refers to close-up photography; the classical definition that the image projected on the "film plane" (i.e film or a digital sensor) is close to the same size as the subject. On 35 mm film (for example), the lens is typically optimized to focus sharply on a small area approaching the size of the film frame. Most 35mm format macro lenses achieve at least 1:2, that is to say, the

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Landscape art depicts scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, and forests. Sky is almost always included in the view, and weather usually is an element of the composition. In the first century A.D., Roman frescoes of landscapes decorated rooms that have been preserved at Pompeii and Herculaneum. Traditionally, landscape art depicts the surface of the earth, but there are other sorts of

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Glamour photography is the photographing of a model with the emphasis on the subject. Photographers use a combination of cosmetics, lighting and airbrushing techniques to produce the most physically appealing image of the model possible.

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The art and science of food photography is a specialisation in general commercial photography. Food and Drink Photography is one of the most challenging aspects of still life work.The main areas of food photography are: Editorial for Magazine and Books on food including but not limited to cook books, advertising and packaging design.The near perfection, the subtlety of flavour and the almost

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Forensic photography (sometimes referred to as forensic imaging or crime scene photography) is the art of producing an accurate reproduction of a crime scene or an accident scene for the benefit of a court. It is part of the process of evidence collecting. It provides investigators with photos of bodies, places, items involved in the crime. Pictures of accidents show broken machinery, or a car

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Fine art photography, sometimes simply called art photography, refers to high-quality archival photographic prints of pictures that are created to fulfill the creative vision of an individual professional. Such prints are reproduced, usually in limited editions, in order to be sold to dealers, collectors or curators, rather than mass reproduced in advertising or magazines. Prints will sometimes,

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Fashion photography is a genre of photography devoted to displaying clothing and other fashion items. Fashion photography is most often conducted for advertisements or fashion magazines such as Vogue, Vanity Fair, or Allure. Over time, fashion photography has developed its own aesthetic in which the clothes and fashions are enhanced by exotic locations and story lines.

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Nude pictures prior to 1835 generally consisted of paintings and drawings. That year, Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre invented the first practical process of photography. Unlike earlier photographs, his daguerreotypes had stunning quality and did not fade with time. The new technology did not go unnoticed by artists eager for new ways to depict the undraped feminine form. In Nude photography, 1840–

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Documentary photography usually refers to a type of professional photojournalism, but it may also be an amateur or student pursuit. The photographer attempts to produce truthful, objective, and usually candid photography of a particular subject, most often pictures of people. The pictures usually depict a certain perspective of the photographer.Usually such photographs are meant for publication,

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Cloudscape photography is photography showing a view of clouds or sky. Photographers such as Robert Davies and Ralph Steiner are noted for producing such images.Alfred Stieglitz also created a series of photographs of clouds, called "equivalents" (1925-1931). According to an essay on the series at the Phillips Collection website (see external links), "A symbolist aesthetic underlies these images,

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The photographic setup of candid photography is best described as un-posed and unplanned, immediate and unobtrusive. This is in contrast to classic photography, which includes aspects such as carefully staged portrait photography, landscape photography or object photography. Candid photography is supposed to catch rare instances of life from the very immersion into it, rather than to produce

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Based on the concept of capturing architecture in its most perfect form for posterity, architectural photography is marriage of photographic skill, technical aptitude, artistic vision and whimsical thinking. Often using multiple exposures of the same image, architectural photography blends the "best of the best" to create a visual oasis and an architectural utopia for the structurally excitable.

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In photography, angle of view describes the angular extent of a given scene that is imaged by a camera. It parallels, and may be used interchangeably with, the more general visual term field of view.The angle of view of a camera is a function of three parameters: 1. The dimensions of the film format or image sensor; 2. The focal length of the photographic lens projecting the image; and 3.

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In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light is admitted. More specifically, the aperture of an optical system is the opening that determines the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane.An optical system typically has many openings, or structures that limit the ray bundles (ray bundles are also known as pencils of light). These structures may

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Color temperature is a characteristic of visible light that has important applications in photography, videography, publishing and other fields. The color temperature of a light source is determined by comparing its chromaticity with a theoretical, heated black-body radiator. The temperature (in kelvins) at which the heated black-body radiator matches the color of the light source is that

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Precise focus is possible at only one distance; at that distance, a point object will produce a point image. At any other distance, a point object is defocused, and will produce a blur spot shaped like the aperture, which for the purpose of analysis is usually assumed to be circular. When this circular spot is sufficiently small, it is indistinguishable from a point, and appears to be in focus;

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Depth of focus is a lens optics concept that measures the tolerance of placement of the image plane (the film plane in a camera) in relation to the lens. While the phrase depth of focus was historically used, and is sometimes still used, to mean depth of field, in modern times it is more often reserved for the image-side depth. Depth of field is a measurement of depth of acceptable sharpness in

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Ordinarily cameras have a sensitivity to light that is a function of time. For example, a one second exposure is an exposure in which the camera image is equally responsive to light over the exposure time of one second. The criterion for determining that something is a double exposure is that the sensitivity goes up and then back down. The simplest example of a multiple exposure is a double

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In photography, exposure is the total amount of light allowed to fall on the photographic medium (photographic film or image sensor) during the process of taking a photograph. Exposure is measured in lux seconds, and can be computed from exposure value (EV) and scene luminance.The "correct" exposure for a photograph is determined by the sensitivity of the medium used. For photographic film,

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In optics, the f-number (sometimes called focal ratio, f-ratio, or relative aperture) of an optical system expresses the diameter of the entrance pupil in terms of the effective focal length of the lens. It is the quantitative measure of lens speed, an important concept in photography.

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A film format is a technical definition of a set of standard characteristics regarding image capture on photographic film, for either stills or movies. It can also apply to projected film, either slides or movies. The primary characteristic of a film format is its size and shape.In the case of motion picture film, the format may also encompass audio parameters (though often not). Other

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Film speed is the measure of a photographic film's sensitivity to light. Stock with lower sensitivity (lower ISO speed rating) requires a longer exposure and is thus called a slow film, while stock with higher sensitivity (higher ISO speed rating) can shoot the same scene with a shorter exposure and is called a fast film.In the first approximation the amount of light energy which reaches the film

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In photography and cinematography, perspective distortion describes one of two phenomena – the appearance of a part of the subject as abnormally large, relative to the rest of the scene, or an apparent lack of distance between objects in the foreground and those behind them.

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Photographic printing is the process of producing a final image for viewing, usually on sensitized paper from a previously prepared photographic negative.The process consists of three major steps, performed in a photographic darkroom or within an automated photo printing machine: 1. Exposure of the image onto the sensitized paper using a contact printer or enlarger 2. Processing of the latent

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A pinhole camera is a camera without a conventional glass lens. An extremely small hole in a very thin material can focus light by confining all rays from a scene through a single point. In order to produce a reasonably clear image, the aperture has to be about a hundred times smaller than the distance to the screen, or less. The shutter of a pinhole camera usually consists of a hand operated

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The red-eye effect in photography is the common appearance of red eyes on photographs taken with a photographic flash when the flash is too close to the lens (as with most compact cameras).

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The rule of thirds is a compositional rule of thumb in photography and other visual arts such as painting. The rule states that an image can be divided into nine equal parts by two equally-spaced horizontal lines and two equally-spaced vertical lines. The four points formed by the intersections of these lines can be used to align features in the photograph. Proponents of this technique claim that

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Science of photography refers to the use of science, such as chemistry and physics, in all aspects of photography. This applies to the camera, its lenses, physical operation of the camera, electronic camera internals, and the process of developing film in order to take and develop pictures properly.

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In photography, shutter speed is the length of time a shutter is open; the total exposure is proportional to this exposure time, or duration of light reaching the film or image sensor.Most factors that affect the total exposure include the scene luminance and the aperture size; photographers can trade off shutter speed and aperture by using units of stops. A stop up and down on each will halve or

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The Zone System is a photographic technique for determining optimal film exposure and development, formulated by Ansel Adams and Fred Archer in 1941. The Zone System provides photographers with a systematic method of precisely defining the relationship between the way they visualize the photographic subject and the final results. Although it originated with black and white sheet film, the Zone

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